Headstock
Houses the main spindle, speed-changing gears, and the drive motor. It
provides the rotational power to the workpiece and allows for selecting different spindle
speeds.
Chuck
A specialized clamp mounted on the spindle. It holds the workpiece
securely in place as it rotates. Common types include 3-jaw universal and 4-jaw independent
chucks.
Tool Post & Carriage
The carriage moves along the bed ways, providing longitudinal and
transverse motion to the cutting tool. The tool post securely holds the cutting tool in the
correct position.
Tailstock
Located opposite the headstock, it can slide along the bed. It supports
the other end of long workpieces and can also hold drilling or reaming tools.
Lathe Bed
The massive, rigid base of the machine. It features precision-machined
"ways" (guideways) that ensure perfect alignment for the carriage and tailstock as they slide.
Lead Screw & Feed Rod
Long shafts running parallel to the bed. The lead screw is used for
cutting threads, while the feed rod provides automatic power feed for regular turning
operations.